Posted by: @chrisr

Many will recall, there used to be a formal list of this type, but the male validation process was the first to be impacted by the decline in validations that occurred, given they are typically somewhat younger than many female candidates.

On that basis I've put together a list of the 100 oldest that I can find.

In addition there is a list below that, of pending, plausible and other candidates. This second list won't appear in the future, but will help me keep the main list up to date as validations do occur.

If anyone has time to look at both lists and has any comments - or notes errors I've made, please let me know.

Attachment : 100oldestverifiedmen.pdf

One thing that I would fix would be the names for the Spanish/Portuguese-speaking cases, since you're omitting the first (paternal) surname, which isn't something you'd ever see in their culture. For example, a name would only ever be "Juan Vicente Perez Mora" or "Juan Vicente Perez", but never "Juan Vicente Mora". Even calling him Juan Perez Mora would be unusual, since Juan is more of a "decorative" name, with Vicente being more of his "real" first name. If you look at posts from his relatives, they'll often call him "Vicente Perez". I would just call them by their full names for the list. There are a few typos as well (like Horacio's name), but that can be fixed easily just by copying their names on the Gerontology Wiki. 

I feel like there should be a combined list that includes all documented cases, since there isn't a replacement organization for the GRG that verifies American SCs, even though the documents for every SC from the United States can be verified with publicly available records. With that in mind, men like Lawrence Brooks, Laurence Thompson, and George Feldman are verified. Dexter Kruger's birth record is also easy to find on Ancestry.

Robert Young has stated in a post on the 110 Club that Melville Williams was "verified by the GRG as Barbados' oldest man", which strongly implies they were sent his birth record (Barbadian birth records tend to be indexed online, but I was never able to find his).

Stanislaw Kowalski's age was verified by Najstarsi Polacy. 

There are also certain countries where literally every SC from the past few decades turns out true without exception. For cases from Western Europe, age verification is more of a formality, so it would make sense to include most of them by default. I'd also give the benefit of the doubt to basically every Japanese SC (with the exception of cases from Okinawa and Kagoshima). I'm pretty sure the GRG doesn't actually require early life records for Japanese validations, since otherwise cases like Nabi Tajima wouldn't be validated. 

For LAS in particular, we'd never make a case pending if we weren't confident in the case, so pretty much every LAS-pending SC here is close to validation, and not doubtful.

Thank you very much for this advice and feedback Mendocino.

It's always good for me to learn, and I was probably a little flippant in applying things that made sense to me, to the names of those from other cultures.

As per your advice I'll go back to these lists ASAP and put the full names of the relevant persons in, based on what the LAS site contains. A more correct version will appear as a replacement as soon as I can.

In respect of the rest, I certainly agree with the comments on the very high likelihood of cases being true from Japan, the USA and much of Europe and as you say there isn't a regular and consistent verifying entity these days, for the first two areas. If anyone knows of someone who may be interested in covering off these areas, funding or similar can be found to help them set up if needed, as long as their work was available for this global group.

I'll add Messrs Brooks, Thompson, Feldman and Kowalski to the next verified list. As you'll know the GRG does not treat them as such

I agree that there should be a combined list of sorts and have been running one of these myself.

Given that LAS and ESO are verifying entities, perhaps I'll do a second list with Pending Cases included but not ranked - and including the cases from the USA and Japan that the experts here believe are "very likely". In reality, that list will be somewhat closer to the real situation albeit it will be a little bit "grey" in terms of inclusions.

The top 100 of this second list will have a required entry point above 111.5.

In respect of the second list targeted, if I've missed any pending cases on my adjunct list, or if anyone believes any other should be included, then please let me know.

What about Mikizo Ueda? If his age can be verified? (of course basing on the koseki system).

Thanks Erijk09.

And welcome to our Forum. It’s great that you’ve chosen to join.

He is on the second list and undoubtedly falls into the category of “highly likely”.

But he’s from an area which currently doesn’t have an entity that is actively verifying supercentenarians from his country, hence the “grey area” I refer to earlier.

Not much any of us can do about it at this stage, but any further thoughts people have on these types of male cases would be appreciated.

Doesn’t affect the female category as much because the bar is so high now for that top 100, that most candidates will be fully verified before they reach that list.

I have decided to make the list with cases that are true, or very likely to be, as of 15 November 2022. Please tell me of any corrections that need making, anyone who needs adding/removing etc.

1. Anísio Rodrigues Alves; 30 Dec 1892-16 Aug 2009; 116y, 229d; Brazil
2. Jiroemon Kimura; 19 Apr 1897-12 June 2013; 116y, 54d; Japan
3. Christian Mortensen; 16 Aug 1882-25 Apr 1998; 115y, 252d; Denmark/USA
4. Emiliano Mercado del Toro; 21 Aug 1891-24 Jan 2007; 115y, 156d; Puerto Rico
5. Horacio Celi Mendoza; 3 Jan 1897-25 Sept 2011; 114y, 265d; Peru
6. Walter Breuning; 21 Sept 1896-14 Apr 2011; 114y, 205d; USA
7. Yukichi Chuganji; 23 Mar 1889-28 Sept 2003; 114y, 189d; Japan
8. Tomás Pinales Figuereo; 31 Mar 1906-24 Sept 2020; 114y, 177d; Dominican Republic
9. Joan Riudavets Moll; 15 Dec 1889-5 Mar 2004; 114y, 81d; Spain
10. Gustav Gerneth; 15 Oct 1905-21 Oct 2019; 114y, 6d; Poland/Germany
11. Fred Hale; 1 Dec 1890-19 Nov 2004; 113y, 354d; USA
12. Israel Kristal; 15 Sept 1903-11 Aug 2017; 113y, 330d; Poland/Israel
13. Tomoji Tanabe; 18 Sept 1895-19 June 2009; 113y, 274d; Japan
14. John McMorran; 19 June 1889-24 Feb 2003; 113y, 250d; USA
15. Masazo Nonaka; 25 July 1905-20 Jan 2019; 113y, 179d; Japan
16. Juan Vicente Pérez Mora; 27 May 1909-Living; 113y, 172d+; Venezuela
17. Mauro Ambriz Tapia; 21 Nov 1897-18 Apr 2011; 113y, 148d; Mexico
18. Frederick Frazier; 27 Jan 1880-14 June 1993; 113y, 138d; USA
19. Donald Butler; 21 Aug 1885-27 Dec 1998; 113y, 128d; USA
20. Wenceslao Leyva González; 28 Sept 1903-27 Dec 2016; 113y, 90d; Mexico (41364 days)
21. James Sisnett; 22 Feb 1900-23 May 2013; 113y, 90d; Barbados (41363 days)
22. Domingo Villa Avisencio; 26 Aug 1906-3 Nov 2019; 113y, 69d; Mexico
23. Maximiano José dos Santos; 22 Feb 1893-25 Apr 2006; 113y, 62d; Brazil
24. Walter Richardson; 7 Nov 1885-21 Dec 1998; 113y, 48d; USA
25. Francisco Núñez Olivera; 13 Dec 1904-29 Jan 2018; 113y, 47d; Spain
26. Henry Allingham; 6 June 1896-18 July 2009; 113y, 42d; UK
27. Emilio Flores Márquez; 8 Aug 1908-12 Aug 2021; 113y, 4d; Puerto Rico
28. Chitetsu Watanabe; 5 Mar 1907-23 Feb 2020; 112y, 355d; Japan
29. Antonio Todde; 22 Jan 1889-3 Jan 2002; 112y, 346d; Italy
30. Saturnino de la Fuente García; 11 Feb 1909-18 Jan 2022; 112y, 341d; Spain
31. Moses Hardy; 6 Jan 1894-7 Dec 2006; 112y, 335d; USA
32. Yasutaro Koide; 13 Mar 1903-19 Jan 2016; 112y, 319d; Japan
33. John Evans; 19 Aug 1877-10 June 1990; 112y, 295d; UK
34. Eusebio Quintero López; 6 Mar 1910-Living; 112y, 254d+; Colombia
35. Richard Overton; 11 May 1906-27 Dec 2018; 112y, 230d; USA
36. Efraín Antonio Ríos García; 4 Apr 1910-Living; 112y, 225d+; Colombia
37. Delio Venturotti; 25 Oct 1909-1 June 2022; 112y, 219d; Italy/Brazil
38. Denzo Ishizaki; 2 Oct 1886-29 Apr 1999; 112y, 209d; Japan
39. George Francis; 6 June 1896-27 Dec 2008; 112y, 204d; USA
40. James King; 15 Nov 1854-5 June 1967; 112y, 202d; USA
41. Josep Armengol Jover; 23 July 1881-20 Jan 1994; 112y, 181d; Spain
42. Giovanni Frau; 29 Dec 1890-19 June 2003; 112y, 172d; Italy (tied, 41079 days)
43. Jules Théobald; 17 Apr 1909-5 Oct 2021; 112y, 171d; France (Martinique) (tied, 41079 days)
44. John Painter; 20 Sept 1888-1 Mar 2001; 112y, 162d; USA
45. Marcel Meys; 12 July 1909-15 Dec 2021; 112y, 156d; France
46. Masamitsu Yoshida; 30 May 1904-29 Oct 2016; 112y, 152d; Japan
47. Sakari Momoi; 5 Feb 1903-5 July 2015; 112y, 150d; Japan
48. Efraín Núñez Núñez; 28 Dec 1904-22 May 2017; 112y, 145d; Dominican Republic
49. Alphaeus Cole; 12 July 1876-25 Nov 1988; 112y, 136d; USA
50. Augusto Moreira de Oliveira; 6 Oct 1896-13 Feb 2009; 112y, 130d; Portugal
51. João Zanol; 13 Oct 1907-12 Feb 2020; 112y, 122d; Brazil
52. Mikizo Ueda; 11 May 1910-9 Sept 2022; 112y, 121d; Japan (41029 days)
53. George Johnson; 1 May 1894-30 Aug 2006; 112y, 121d; USA (41028 days)
54. Lawrence Brooks; 12 Sept 1909-5 Jan 2022; 112y, 115d; USA
55. Salustiano Sanchez; 8 June 1901-13 Sept 2013; 112y, 97d; Spain/USA
56. CP Crawford; 25 Aug 1907-23 Nov 2019; 112y, 90d; USA
57. Jorge Durán Coral; 23 Apr 1909-21 July 2021; 112y, 89d; Mexico
58. Yoshikazu Yamashita; 10 Apr 1907-7 July 2019; 112y, 88d; Japan
59. Gengan Tonaki; 30 Oct 1884-24 Jan 1997; 112y, 86d; Japan
60. Bob Weighton; 29 Mar 1908-28 May 2020; 112y, 60d; UK
61. Joe Hollins; 19 Aug 1906-23 Sept 2018; 112y, 35d; USA
62. Tadanosuke Hashimoto; 27 Apr 1891-31 May 2003; 112y, 34d; Japan
63. Francis Felix; 4 Oct 1905-3 Nov 2017; 112y, 30d; Trinidad & Tobago
64. Kumekichi Tani; 20 Apr 1891-12 May 2003; 112y, 22d; Japan
65. George Feldman; 2 Dec 1906-2 Dec 2018; 112y, 0d; USA
66. Tsunahei Ogawa; 9 Jan 1907-4 Jan 2019; 111y, 360d; Japan
67. Arturo Licata; 2 May 1902-24 Apr 2014; 111y, 357d; Italy
68. Stanisław Kowalski; 14 Apr 1910-5 Apr 2022; 111y, 356d; Poland
69. Silverio Pereira Ayala; 11 June 1906-30 May 2018; 111y, 353d; Paraguay
70. Frank Morimitsu; 26 Dec 1886-9 Dec 1998; 111y, 348d; Japan/USA
71. Walter Seward; 13 Oct 1896-14 Sept 2008; 111y, 337d; USA
72. Faustino Vargas Pérez; 27 Sept 1896-20 Aug 2008; 111y, 328d; Costa Rica
73. Maurice Floquet; 25 Dec 1894-10 Nov 2006; 111y, 320d; France
74. Valerio Piroddi; 13 Nov 1905-18 Sept 2017; 111y, 309d; Italy
75. Shigeru Nakamura; 11 Jan 1911-15 Nov 2022; 111y, 308d; Japan
76. Arthur Nash; 7 Jan 1885-4 Nov 1996; 111y, 302d; UK/Canada
77. James McCoubrey; 13 Sept 1901-5 July 2013; 111y, 295d; Canada/USA
78. Ezra Hill; 19 Dec 1910-4 Oct 2022; 111y, 289d; USA
79. John Turner; 15 June 1856-21 Mar 1968; 111y, 280d; UK (tied, 40821 days)
80. Hermann Dörnemann; 27 May 1893-2 Mar 2005; 111y, 279d; Germany (tied, 40821 days)
81. Laurence Thompson; 23 Jan 1887-24 Oct 1998; 111y, 274d; USA
82. Antonio Urrea Hernández; 18 Feb 1888-15 Nov 1999; 111y, 270d; Spain
83. Choki Miyagi; 15 Nov 1904-7 Aug 2016; 111y, 266d; Japan
84. Arthur Carter; 5 Oct 1889-11 June 2001; 111y, 249d; USA
85. Jan Reyskens; 11 May 1878-7 Jan 1990; 111y, 241d; Belgium/Netherlands
86. Jesús Mosteo Pérez; 1 Jan 1908-28 Aug 2019; 111y, 239d; Spain
87. Frank Sylvester; 25 June 1893-12 Feb 2005; 111y, 232d; USA
88. Henry Tseng; 12 July 1907-27 Feb 2019; 111y, 230d; Japan/USA
89. Toichi Sasaki; 4 Sept 1905-20 Apr 2017; 111y, 228d; Japan
90. Joe Thomas; 1 May 1875-14 Dec 1986; 111y, 227d; USA
91. André Boite; 6 Dec 1910-15 July 2022; 111y, 221d; France
92. Dumitru Comănescu; 21 Nov 1908-27 June 2020; 111y, 219d; Romania
93. James Zackry; 15 Aug 1881-14 Mar 1993; 111y, 211d; USA
94. Tanekichi Onishi; 15 Feb 1900-11 Sept 2011; 111y, 208d; Japan
95. Roger Auvin; 20 Mar 1908-13 Oct 2019; 111y, 207d; France
96. Kiyoshi Igarashi; 2 Aug 1897-23 Feb 2009; 111y, 205d; Japan (tied, 40747 days)
97. Lester Townsend; 31 Mar 1908-22 Oct 2019; 111y, 205d; USA (tied, 40747 days)
98. Herman Smith-Johannsen; 15 June 1875-5 Jan 1987; 111y, 204d; Norway
99. Ernest Pusey; 5 May 1895-19 Nov 2006; 111y, 198d; USA
100. Albano Andrade; 14 Dec 1909-29 June 2021; 111y, 197d; Portugal

I have spoke with Otilio Dominguez great granddaughters family and the assure that they have the proper documentation to prove his age. I don't know whether it's been submitted or not, but I think he deserves a second look. And I have heard on the110club that Mr. Gustav Gerneths age has been debunked? But I don't know if it's a reliable source. I think it is also worth looking into to make sure Mr. Gerneth's age is correct. 

Posted by: @aquanaut

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I have spoke with Otilio Dominguez great granddaughters family and the assure that they have the proper documentation to prove his age. I don't know whether it's been submitted or not, but I think he deserves a second look.

We've been trying to verify his age for a while, but don't know what church he was baptized in, so we can't find a match despite knowing his parents' names and place of birth. He apparently has a 71 year old grandson, so he can't realistically be that much younger than claimed. 

@heatwave116 very nice work!

Looks good, @heatwave116! I do feel that including Gustav Gerneth might be premature.

Great Work !!

One question : Francis Felix Is verified ? (Who verified )

I'm from Argentina ( FIFA World champion)

We Salute ( all argentinian people) 

@partizan Welcome to the forum! It's really nice to have you with us: you are the first (not anonymous) active member of the forum who lives in Argentina! https://globalsupercentenarianforum.com/index.php/community/livingroom/members-from-all-over-the-world/paged/2/#post-6548

100 Oldest Verified Men as at 31 Dec 2022, with 8 (ranked but unnumbered) pending cases included in Red.

In addition the top 30 oldest non verified nor pending - but "likely or plausible" cases are included in a separate list below.

The qualification for the top 100 at as 31 Dec is 111-123 - which increases to 111-140 if the 8 pending cases are verified.

This is a fair way below the 111-197 list Heatwave did on 15 November 2022.  Purely as a threshold, the 111-197 is likely to be closer to reality for the male top 100, but neither list will be exact at this stage. 

Great work with these lists - very interesting!

Posted by: @chrisr

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100 Oldest Verified Men as at 31 Dec 2022, with 8 (ranked but unnumbered) pending cases included in Red.

In addition the top 30 oldest non verified nor pending - but "likely or plausible" cases are included in a separate list below.

The qualification for the top 100 at as 31 Dec is 111-123 - which increases to 111-140 if the 8 pending cases are verified.

This is a fair way below the 111-197 list Heatwave did on 15 November 2022.  Purely as a threshold, the 111-197 is likely to be closer to reality for the male top 100, but neither list will be exact at this stage. 

-- attachment is not available --

Nice work! It's nice to see what the "verified top 100" list for men should actually look like, since the GRG's list for the top 100 oldest men only gets more incomplete every year.

However, I still think that cases from countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia should be included in the main list, even if they haven't been officially validated by any organization, since their documents are all easily accessible online through websites like Familysearch or Ancestry. You already have Lawrence Brooks included here despite the fact that he's never been verified by any official organization, but just like most other American SCs, his documents are easy to find online to prove his age. With this in mind, Frank Morimitsu, Arthur Nash, Ezra Hill, Melvin Campbell (born 22 Mar 1911, not 1910), Frank Sylvester, and Dexter Kruger are all verified and should also be included. Jimmy Lindberg has a spreadsheet with every verified American supercentenarian case born before 1909, showing the documentation that exists for each one. In this list, you'll be able to find the case of 113 year old Donald Butler.

Santos Rivas, Faustino Vargas, and Joao Zanol are also pending on LAS, and Francisco Juarez Iglesias is included twice.

I think that the following men should be considered reasonably possible:

- Jose Flores-Flores
(July 11, 1907 - LIVING)

- Goncalino Norberto
(August 08, 1911 - LIVING)

- Vincent Ramon Perez Uzcategui
(August 14, 1907 - January 19, 2022)
Age: 114 years, 157 days

- Lawrence Brooks
(1909 - January 05, 2022)
Age: 112 years +

Thanks everyone, will take all these comments on board, plus any other feedback on cases that anyone has.

I found Mr Norberto just after I sent this. Certainly a couple of the others mentioned above are very exciting.

Posted by: @aquanaut

↑

I think that the following men should be considered reasonably possible:

- Jose Flores-Flores
(July 11, 1907 - LIVING)

- Goncalino Norberto
(August 08, 1911 - LIVING)

- Vincent Ramon Perez Uzcategui
(August 14, 1907 - January 19, 2022)
Age: 114 years, 157 days

- Lawrence Brooks
(1909 - January 05, 2022)
Age: 112 years +

This is an extremely strange list to say the least. Jose Flores Flores is most likely an accidental identity swap case, similar to Dominga Coca Garcia, only the birth record he was matched to when making his ID card probably belonged to someone he wasn't related to. This is because his name is simply "Jose Flores", and was born to a single mother named "Josefa Flores", which are both very generic names. It's possible he could still be 108+, but his birth was most likely never registered, and his baptismal record may be very difficult to find for the reasons outlined above. 

Goncalino Norberto is more likely to be true than Jose, but I personally don't think he's that plausible, and seems very strong for his claimed age. Two examples of very plausible Brazilian claims born in 1911 are Virgilio Medeiros (1911-2022) and Febronio Leandro da Silva (1911-2021), since both had stronger biographies and documents from their early 20s to support their claimed age, meaning they were consistent about their claimed ages for over 80 years.

Vicente Ramon Perez Uzcategui was most likely around 108 at the time of his death, since he was baptized in 1913. We just can't be sure of his exact age because the record doesn't say when he was born or how old he was at the time of the baptism.

Lawrence Brooks is fully verified, so I have no idea why you included him on here.

I could create a list of undocumented cases (both deceased and living) that I believe are plausible. 

@mendocino My apologies, I did not see Mr. Brooks in the list earlier when I looked at it. But going over the list again, I totally missed his name. I'm sorry for that. 

I had no idea about the baptism of Mr. Uzcategui. I read an article stating that the GRG was curious about his case, so without researching further, I assumed he was already pending. 

And as for Mr. Flores, I personally think his case is strong due to there being military records of him from 1948 and a baptismal record from his claimed birth year of 1907. But I do understand the possibility of accidental identity swapping. If it was an identity swap, it would've had to have occurred before he was married, which makes his case stronger, but it doesn't rule out the possibility. I reached out to the news station that has followed his story for a number of years, and they attest that he is indeed the age he claims, and that he has the documentation to prove it. I suggested that they reach out to Guinness World Record to apply for the WOLM title. I want to believe his case, and I really hope that he can be verified one day, but I realize that his case may not be 100% accurate.

I'm sorry if I wasted your time with these suggestions. I just get excited when I see a possible new candidate for the oldest living man or oldest living woman. I also tend to have a habit of jumping to conclusions as there is a lot of fake news out there and I tend to fall for it without doing proper research first. 

Posted by: @aquanaut

↑

@mendocino My apologies, I did not see Mr. Brooks in the list earlier when I looked at it. But going over the list again, I totally missed his name. I'm sorry for that. 

I had no idea about the baptism of Mr. Uzcategui. I read an article stating that the GRG was curious about his case, so without researching further, I assumed he was already pending. 

And as for Mr. Flores, I personally think his case is strong due to there being military records of him from 1948 and a baptismal record from his claimed birth year of 1907. But I do understand the possibility of accidental identity swapping. If it was an identity swap, it would've had to have occurred before he was married, which makes his case stronger, but it doesn't rule out the possibility. I reached out to the news station that has followed his story for a number of years, and they attest that he is indeed the age he claims, and that he has the documentation to prove it. I suggested that they reach out to Guinness World Record to apply for the WOLM title. I want to believe his case, and I really hope that he can be verified one day, but I realize that his case may not be 100% accurate.

I'm sorry if I wasted your time with these suggestions. I just get excited when I see a possible new candidate for the oldest living man or oldest living woman. I also tend to have a habit of jumping to conclusions as there is a lot of fake news out there and I tend to fall for it without doing proper research first. 

I wasn't aware of these 1948 military records. Do they support his claimed age?

Thanks again team for the interesting details. I also was not aware of the military record documents, but clearly the age claimed is very advanced for a male.

The challenge is of course the number of male cases awaiting verification and trying to come up with a list which includes the official ones, but also reasonable recognition of those that will almost certainly be verified and those which are at least what I’ll term “reasonably plausible” - hence the 30 in list 2.

For now I won’t include the 4 above, noting some may be better suited to the approach Heatwave has taken.

But if anyone has other suggestions that they believe tick this “reasonably plausible” box and the individuals are expected to be 111.5 or more then I’m very happy to add them.

@mendocino and @chrisr I spoke to the Costa Rican news station that is friends with the family of Mr. Jose Flores Flores and they attest that the military records do support his claimed Birthday of July 11, 1907. The news station says that his age is true and the military records are legitimate. I will reach out to them again and see if they can contact Mr. Flores family and see if they can submit the records to the GRG. I do not know if these military records are official, but this is what was told to me by the Costa Rican News Station. 

Great work Aquanaut_Chalk and very best wishes for your ongoing work in respect of Mr Flores. 

Posted by: @aquanaut

↑

@mendocino and @chrisr I spoke to the Costa Rican news station that is friends with the family of Mr. Jose Flores Flores and they attest that the military records do support his claimed Birthday of July 11, 1907. The news station says that his age is true and the military records are legitimate. I will reach out to them again and see if they can contact Mr. Flores family and see if they can submit the records to the GRG. I do not know if these military records are official, but this is what was told to me by the Costa Rican News Station. 

This would completely change his case if this is true, since it would prove he knew his actual DOB for far longer than expected. Hopefully you can get these military records.

I asked the Costa Rican news station regarding Mr. Jose Flores Flores, to inform his family if they wanted to submit his birth records and his military records to the GRG and Guinness and here is their reply.

"

Hello.

I don't know if his family would be interested.

We will try to ask them...

I got a letter from the family of Mr. Jose Flores Flores who say they are interested in applying for Guinness World Record but they unfortunately cannot pay the cost. 

@aquanaut_chalk There is no cost when applying for a Guinness World Record.

I will write back to his family and let them know!

I contacted the family of Mr. Flores Flores and successfully told them about how there is no cost to apply for a Guinness World Record. The Costa Rican news station I have been communicating with has helped translate my letters, in the correct language for Mr. Flores Flores and his family. Now, I'm just waiting for a response from his family!

@Aquanaut_Chalk Good job! It would be amazing if his claimed age turns out to be true.